default search action
IEEE Communications Magazine, Volume 37
Volume 37, Number 1, January 1999
- Mohammed Atiquzzaman:
Traffic Mangement and Switching for Multimedia. 30 - Bing Zheng, Mohammed Atiquzzaman:
Traffic management of multimedia over ATM networks. 33-38 - Marwan Krunz:
Bandwidth allocation strategies for transporting variable bit rate video traffic. 40-46 - Zafer Sahinoglu, Sirin Tekinay:
On multimedia networks: self-similar traffic and network performance. 48-52 - Bobby Vandalore, Sonia Fahmy, Raj Jain, Rohit Goyal, Mukul Goyal:
QoS and multipoint support for multimedia applications over the ATM ABR service. 53-57 - Geng-Sheng Kuo, Po-Chang Ko:
Achieving minimum slice loss for real time MPEG 2 based video networking in a flow-oriented input-queued ATM switching router system. 58-62 - Richard Rabbat, Kai-Yeung Siu:
QoS support for integrated services over CATV. 64-68 - Chung-Sheng Li, Harold S. Stone:
Digital Library Using Next Generation Internet. 70-71 - Fred Mintzer:
Developing digital libraries of cultural content for Internet access. 72-78 - Stephen T. C. Wong, Donny Tjandra:
A digital library for biomedical imaging on the Internet. 84-91 - J. R. Smith:
Digital video libraries and the Internet. 92-97 - H. S. Stone:
Image libraries and the Internet. 99-106 - Peter Weinstein, William P. Birmingham, Edmund H. Durfee:
Agent based digital libraries: decentralization and coordination. 110-115 - Steve Lawrence, C. Lee Giles:
Searching the Web: general and scientific information access. 116-122 - Franco Callegati, Maurizio Casoni, Carla Raffaelli:
Packet optical networks for high-speed TCP-IP backbones. 124-129 - Sudhir Dixit:
Data rides high on high-speed remote access. 130-141 - Mostafa Hashem Sherif:
Electronic Commerce And Standardization. 142-143
Volume 37, Number 2, February 1999
- Chung-Sheng Li:
Telecommunication network management: technologies and implementations [Book Reviews]. 28 - Mohammed Atiquzzaman, Mohammad A. Karim:
Optical Networks, Communications Systems, And Devices [Guest Editorial]. 49 - Yi Pan, Chunming Qiao, Yuanyuan Yang:
Optical multistage interconnection networks: new challenges and approaches. 50-56 - Marco Ajmone Marsan, Andrea Bianco, Emilio Leonardi, Alessandro Morabito, Fabio Neri:
All-optical WDM multi-rings with differentiated QoS. 58-66 - Laxman H. Sahasrabuddhe, Biswanath Mukherjee:
Light trees: optical multicasting for improved performance in wavelength routed networks. 67-73 - Hiroshi Yoshimura, Ken-ichi Sato, Noboru Takachio:
Future photonic transport networks based on WDM technologies. 74-81 - Joseph Mitola III, David B. Chester, Shinichiro Haruyama, Thierry Turletti, Walter H. W. Tuttlebee:
Globalization of Software radio [Guest Editorial]. 82-83 - Joseph Mitola III:
Technical challenges in the globalization of software radio. 84-89 - Hiroshi Tsurumi, Yasuo Suzuki:
Broadband RF stage architecture for software-defined radio in handheld terminal applications. 90-95 - Robert H. Walden:
Performance trends for analog to digital converters. 96-101 - David B. Chester:
Digital IF filter technology for 3G systems: an introduction. 102-107 - Mark Cummings, Shinichiro Haruyama:
FPGA in the software radio. 108-112 - Thierry Turletti, David L. Tennenhouse:
Complexity of a software GSM base station. 113-117 - Walter H. W. Tuttlebee:
Software radio technology: a European perspective. 118-123 - Ralph Benjamin, Ismail Kaya, Andrew R. Nix:
Smart base stations for "dumb" time-division duplex terminals. 124-131
Volume 37, Number 3, March 1999
- Sastri L. Kota, Raj Jain, Rohit Goyal:
Satellite ATM network architecture [Guest Editorial]. 28-29 - Prakash Chitre, Ferit Yegenoglu:
Next-generation satellite networks: architectures and implementations. 30-36 - Sankar Ray:
Network segment mobility in ATM networks. 38-45 - Ioannis Mertzanis, Georgios Sfikas, Rahim Tafazolli, Barry G. Evans:
Protocol architectures for satellite ATM broadband networks. 46-54 - Rohit Goyal, Raj Jain, Mukul Goyal, Sonia Fahmy, Bobby Vandalore, Sastri Kota:
Traffic management for TCP/IP over satellite ATM networks. 56-61 - Hassan Peyravi:
Medium access control protocols performance in satellite communications. 62-71 - Dennis P. Connors, Bo Ryu, Son K. Dao:
Modeling and simulation of broadband satellite networks .I. medium access control for QoS provisioning. 72-79 - Marion J. Finley Jr.:
Tele-learning: The "Killer App"? [Guest Editorial]. 80-81 - Betty A. Collis:
Applications of computer communications in education: an overview. 82-86 - Dale A. Harris:
Online distance education in the United States. 87-91 - Andreas Ausserhofer:
Web based teaching and learning: a panacea? 92-96 - Yoshiyasu Takefuji, Naoko Takahashi, Hisasumi Tsuchida, Yoshimi Fukuhara, Raymond Neff:
ATM and wireless experiments for remote lectures. 98-101 - Shoji Yoshida, Hidetoshi Kimura, Yuji Inoue, Tasturo Masamura, Noriyoshi Yamauchi:
Interactive multimedia communication systems for next-generation education using asymmetrical satellite and terrestrial networks. 102-106 - Junichi Azuma:
Creating educational Web sites. 109-113 - Carol Carver:
Building a virtual community for a tele-learning environment. 114-118 - Philip J. Lin, Robert E. Tench:
The exciting frontier of lightwave technology [Guest Editorial]. 119 - David K. Hunter, M. H. M. Nizam, M. C. Chia, Ivan Andonovic, K. M. Guild, Anna Tzanakaki, Mike J. O'Mahony, L. D. Bainbridge, Marc F. C. Stephens, Richard V. Penty, Ian H. White:
WASPNET: a wavelength switched packet network. 120-129 - Eytan H. Modiano:
WDM-based packet networks. 130-135
Volume 37, Number 4, April 1999
- Walter J. Ciesluk, Iwao Sasase:
An overview of the satelite and space communications committee. 1-4 - Linda Rising:
Design patterns in communications software [Guest Editorial]. 32-33 - Linda Rising:
Patterns: a way to reuse expertise. 34-36 - M. Duell:
Managing change with patterns. 37-39 - Gerard Meszaros:
Design patterns in telecommunications system architecture. 40-45 - Junichi Suzuki, Yousuke Yamamoto:
OpenWebServer: an adaptive Web server using software patterns. 46-52 - Douglas C. Schmidt, Chris Cleveland:
Applying patterns to develop extensible ORB middleware. 54-63 - Greg Utas:
An overview of selected call processing patterns. 64-69 - Sayfe Kiaei:
Systems and circuits for broadband communications [Guest Editorial]. 70 - John M. Cioffi, Vladimir Oksman, Jean-Jacques Werner, Thierry Pollet, Paul M. P. Spruyt, Jacky S. Chow, Krista S. Jacobsen:
Very-high-speed digital subscriber lines. 72-79 - Thierry Pollet, Miguel Peeters:
Synchronization with DMT modulation. 80-86 - Jean-Jacques Werner, Jian Yang, Dale D. Harman, Guy Albert Dumont:
Blind equalization for broadband access. 87-93 - Ravi Gupta, David J. Allstot:
Fully monolithic CMOS RF power amplifiers: recent advances. 94-98 - Hans-Andrea Loeliger, Felix Tarköy, Felix Lustenberger, Markus Helfenstein:
Decoding in analog VLSI. 99-101 - Wilfried Gappmair:
Claude E. Shannon: the 50th anniversary of information theory. 102-105 - Hans-Dieter Lüke:
The origins of the sampling theorem. 106-108
Volume 37, Number 5, May 1999
- Maurizio Decina:
Candidates announced for board of governors. 30-38 - Andrzej R. Pach, Zdzislaw Papir:
Guest Editorial broadband access copper technologies. 58 - Zdzislaw Papir, Andrew Simmonds:
Competing for throughput in the local loop. 61-66 - Walter Y. Chen:
The development and standardization of asymmetrical digital subscriber line. 68-72 - John W. Cook, Rob H. Kirkby, Martin G. Booth, Kevin T. Foster, Don E. A. Clarke, Gavin Young:
The noise and crosstalk environment for ADSL and VDSL systems. 73-78 - Walter Goralski:
xDSL loop qualification and testing. 79-83 - Timothy C. Kwok:
Residential broadband architecture over ADSL and G.Lite (C.992.2): PPP over ATM. 84-89 - Arturo Azcorra, David Larrabeiti, Enrique J. Hernandez-Valencia, Julio Berrocal:
IP/ATM integrated services over broadband access copper technologies. 90-97 - Ken'ichi Narumiya:
A consideration of ADSL service under NTT's network. 98-101 - Paulo de Sousa:
Guest Editorial - Interoperability of Networks for Interoperable Services. 102 - Maher Hamdi, Olivier Verscheure, Jean-Pierre Hubaux, Ismail Dalgic, Peter Wang:
Voice service interworking for PSTN and IP networks. 104-111 - Panos Georgatsos, Dimitris Makris, David Griffin, George Pavlou, Stelios Sartzetakis, Yves T'Joens, Daniel Ranc:
Technology interoperation in ATM networks: the REFORM system. 112-118 - Raquel Díaz-Caldera, Joan Serrat-Fernández, Klearchos Berdekas, Fotis Karayannis:
An approach to the cooperative management of multitechnology networks. 119-125 - Ognjen Prnjat, Lionel E. Sacks:
Integrity methodology for interoperable environments. 126-132 - David Morris, Verus Pronk:
Charging for ATM services. 133-139 - Vincent P. Wade, David Lewis:
Three keys to developing and integrating telecommunications service management systems. 140-146 - John R. Farserotu, Ramjee Prasad:
Broadband wide area networking via IP/ATM over SATCOM. 148-157
Volume 37, Number 6, June 1999
- Janusz Rajski, Jerzy Tyszer:
Testing of telecommunications hardware [Guest Editorial]. 60-62 - Colin Maunder:
Test: shared problems and shared solutions. 65-70 - Nilanjan Mukherjee, Tapan J. Chakraborty, Ramesh Karri:
Built in self test: a complete test solution for telecommunication systems. 72-78 - Saman M. I. Adham, Ken Brough, Bruce Ecroyd, Stephen Foster, Paul Soong:
Linking diagnostic software to hardware self test in telecom systems. 79-83 - Stefano Barbagallo, Monica Lobetti Bodoni, Alfredo Benso, Silvia Chiusano, Paolo Prinetto:
Testing embedded memories in telecommunication systems. 84-89 - Gordon W. Roberts, Benoit Dufort:
Making complex mixed-signal telecommunication integrated circuits testable. 90-96 - Michael S. Heutmaker, D. K. Le:
An architecture for self-test of a wireless communication system using sampled IQ modulation and boundary scan. 98-102 - Erik Jan Marinissen, Yervant Zorian:
Challenges in testing core-based system ICs. 104-109 - Bahman Mobasser:
Switching and transmission [Guest Editorial]. 110 - Göran Eneroth, Gábor Fodor, Gosta Leijonhufvud, András Rácz, István Szabó:
Applying ATM/AAL2 as a switching technology in third-generation mobile access networks. 112-123 - K. K. Ramakrishnan, Gísli Hjálmtýsson, Jacobus E. van der Merwe:
The role of signaling in quality of service enabled networks. 124-132 - Edward Traupman, Pete O'Connell, John Minnis, Marc Jadoul, Huterer Mario:
The evolution of the existing carrier infrastructure. 134-139 - Andrew G. Malis:
Reconstructing transmission networks using ATM and DWDM. 140-145 - Horst D. Clausen, Hilmar Linder, Bernhard Collini-Nocker:
Internet over direct broadcast satellites. 146-151 - Apostolis K. Salkintzis:
Packet data over cellular networks: the CDPD approach. 152-159
Volume 37, Number 7, July 1999
- Jean-Pierre Hubaux, David Nagel, R. Bruce Kieburtz:
Provision of communication services over hybrid networks [Guest Editorial]. 36-37 - William D. Ivancic, David Brooks, Brian Frantz, Douglas Hoder, Dan Shell, David Beering:
NASA's broadband satellite networking research. 40-47 - Bo Ryu:
Modeling and simulation of broadband satellite networks. II. Traffic modeling. 48-56 - Charalambous P. Charalambos, Victor S. Frost, Joseph B. Evans:
Performance evaluation of TCP extensions on ATM over high bandwidth delay product networks. 57-63 - Nasir Ghani, Sudhir S. Dixit:
TCP/IP enhancements for satellite networks. 64-72 - Enrique G. Cuevas:
The development of performance and availability standards for satellite ATM networks. 74-79 - João C. Brandao, Ernesto L. Pinto, Marco A. G. Maia:
A review of error performance models for satellite ATM networks. 80-85 - Diakoumis P. Gerakoulis, Robert R. Miller, Saeed S. Ghassemzadeh, Evaggelos Geraniotis:
A satellite switched CDMA system for fixed service communications. 86-92 - Sastri L. Kota, Raj Jain, Rohit Goyal:
Broadband satellite network performance [Guest Editorial]. 94-95 - Ismail Dalgic, Michael S. Borella, Rick Dean, Jacek Grabiec, Jerry Mahler, Guido M. Schuster, Ikhlaq Sidhu:
True number portability and advanced call screening in a SIP-based IP telephony system. 96-101 - George Vanecek, Nelu Mihai, Nino Vidovic, Dado Vrsalovic:
Enabling hybrid services in emerging data networks. 102-109 - Constant Gbaguidi, Jean-Pierre Hubaux, Maher Hamdi, Asser N. Tantawi:
A programmable architecture for the provision of hybrid services. 110-116 - Markku Korpi, Vineet Kumar:
Supplementary services in the H.323 IP telephony network. 118-125 - Mark E. Perkins, Charles A. Dvorak, Barry H. Lerich, Joseph A. Zebarth:
Speech transmission performance planning in hybrid IP/SCN networks. 126-131 - Xavier Logean, Falk Dietrich, Jean-Pierre Hubaux, S. Grisouard, P.-A. Etique:
On applying formal techniques to the development of hybrid services: challenges and directions. 132-138 - Koichi Asatani:
IP and telecommunication integration: de jure and de facto standards have entered a new era. 140-147
Volume 37, Number 8, August 1999
- James Manchester, Paul A. Bonenfant, Curtis J. Newton:
The evolution of transport network survivability. 44-51 - Dave Johnson, Nigel Hayman, Paul Veitch:
The evolution of a reliable transport network. 52-57 - Mark Lody Jones, Robert K. Butler, William C. Szeto:
Sprint long distance network survivability: today and tomorrow. 58-62 - Nico Wauters, Gzim Ocakoglu, Kris Struyve, Pedro Falcao Fonseca:
Survivability in a new pan-European carriers' carrier network based on WDM and SDH technology: current implementation and future requirements. 63-69 - Piet Demeester, Michael Gryseels, Achim Autenrieth, Carlo Brianza, Laura Castagna, Giulio D. Signorelli, Roberto Clemenfe, Mauro Ravera, Andrzej Jajszczyk, Dariusz Janukowicz, Kristof Van Doorselaere, Yohnosuke Harada:
Resilience in multilayer networks. 70-76 - Ken-ichi Sato, Satoru Okamoto:
Photonic transport technologies to create robust backbone networks. 78-87 - Ryutaro Kawamura, Hiroshi Ohta:
Architectures for ATM network survivability and their field deployment. 88-94 - Robert D. Doverspike, Steven Phillips, Jeffery R. Westbrook:
Future transport network architectures. 96-101 - Mark Cummings, Steve Heath:
Mode switching and software download for software defined radio: the SDR Forum approach. 104-106 - Chris Dick, Fredric J. Harris:
Configurable logic for digital communications: some signal processing perspectives. 107-111 - Dimitrios Efstathiou, José Fridman, Zoran Zvonar:
Recent developments in enabling technologies for software defined radio. 112-117 - Asad A. Abidi:
CMOS wireless transceivers: the new wave. 119-124
Volume 37, Number 9, September 1999
- Liang D. Tzeng, Chinlon Lin:
In memoriam: Dr. Kinichiro Ogawa a pioneer in optical fiber communications systems at bell labs. 10 - Eddie Rabinovitch:
Searching the internet (will be) easier. 14 - Norman C. Strole:
SNA and TCP/IP enterprise networking. 17-20 - Roberto Aaron, Maurizio Dècina, Riccardo Skillen:
Electronic commerce: enablers and implications. 47-52 - John C. McCarthy:
The social impact of electronic commerce. 53-57 - Andrew Coulson:
Electronic commerce: the ever-evolving online marketplace. 58-60 - Stephen Cho:
Customer-focused Internet commerce at Cisco Systems. 61-63 - Maurizio Decina, Vittorio Trecordi:
Voice over Internet protocol and human-assisted e-commerce. 64-67 - Bob Ponce:
The impact of MP3 and the future of digital entertainment products. 68-70 - Paul Wing, Brian O'Higgins:
Using public-key infrastructures for security and risk management. 71-73 - Shukri Wakid, John Barkley, Mark Skall:
Object retrieval and access management in electronic commerce. 74-77 - Paul Stirpe, Laurence A. Crutcher:
Network implications of multicast in electronic commerce. 78-82 - Eamonn O'Shea:
Revectoring society and business: the new order for electronic commerce. 83-86 - Elliot Maxwell, Shukri Wakid, Judi Moline:
A policy perspective on electronic commerce. 87-91 - Edward Vielmetti:
The (r)evolution of useful Web services. 92-94 - David G. Messerschmitt, Jean-Pierre Hubaux:
Opportunities for electronic commerce in networking. 95-98 - Anthony M. Rutkowski:
Understanding next generation Internet. 99-102 - Ramjee Prasad, João Schwarz Dasilva, Bartolomé Arroyo-Fernández:
Air interface access schemes for wireless communications. 104-105 - Max Prögler, Cengiz Evci, Masahiro Umehira:
Air interface access schemes for broadband mobile systems. 106-115 - Payam Taaghol, Barry G. Evans, Enrico Buracchini, Gennaro De Gaudinaro, Joon Ho Lee, Chung Gu Kang:
Satellite UMTS/IMT2000 W-CDMA air interfaces. 116-126 - Mao Zeng, Annamalai Annamalai, Vijay K. Bhargava:
Recent advances in cellular wireless communications. 128-138 - Fawzi Daoud:
Integrated open service node for active networks and services. 139-146
Volume 37, Number 10, October 1999
- Geng-Sheng Kuo:
Broadband Service Concepts, Markets, Technologies and Trials. 54-55 - Byoung-Jo J. Kim, N. K. Shankaranarayanan, Paul S. Henry, Kevin P. Schlosser, Thomas K. Fong:
The AT&T Labs broadband fixed wireless field experiment. 56-62 - Hisaya Hadama, Ken-ichi Kitami, Kensaku Kinoshita, Haruo Yamaguchi:
GMN: a broadband multimedia communications service concept and field trials. 64-70 - Antonio Iera, Antonella Molinaro, Salvatore Marano:
Wireless broadband applications: the teleservice model and adaptive QoS provisioning. 71-75 - Massimo Celidonio, Dario Di Zenobio:
A wideband two-layer radio access network using DECT technology in the uplink. 76-81 - Reuven Cohen:
Service provisioning in an ATM-over-ADSL access network. 82-87 - Kohei Shiomoto, Naoaki Yamanaka:
Dynamic burst transfer time-slot-base network. 88-96 - Charles A. Eldering:
Impact and results of telecommunications deregulation. 98-99 - Douglas C. Pitt, Niall Levine, Xu Yan:
Unity of objective, diversity of approach: deregulatory telecom developments in Hong Kong and China. 100-105 - Nico van Eijk:
Broadband services and local loop unbundling in the Netherlands. 106-109 - C. Lincoln Hoewing:
Moving to competition: New Zealand's innovative regulatory model for the telecommunications marketplace. 110-113 - J. W. Berresford:
Access to cable TV systems offering broadband service in the United States. 114-116 - Charles A. Eldering, Mouhamadou Lamine Sylla, Jeffrey A. Eisenach:
Is there a Moore's law for bandwidth? 117-121 - Paul W. Cooper, James F. Bradley:
A space-borne satellite dedicated gateway to the Internet. 122-126 - Young Ki Yoon, Mehmet Ulema:
A wireless local loop system based on wideband CDMA technology. 128-135 - Un-Ku Moon, Gabor C. Temes, Jesper Steensgaard:
Digital techniques for improving the accuracy of data converters. 136-143
Volume 37, Number 11, November 1999
- Willie W. Lu, Qi Bi:
Wireless mobile ATM technologies for third generation wireless communications. 36 - Masaya Nishio, Noriteru Shinagawa, Takehiko Kobayashi:
A lossless handover method for video transmission in mobile ATM networks and its subjective quality assessment. 38-44 - Young-Chon Kim, Dong-Eun Lee, Bong-Ju Lee, Young Sun Kim, Biswanath Mukherjee:
Dynamic channel reservation based on mobility in wireless ATM networks. 47-51 - Ulrich Vornefeld, Christoph Walke, Bernhard Walke:
SDMA techniques for wireless ATM. 52-57 - J. Immonen:
Signaling stack design for wireless ATM access networks. 58-63 - Janny Hu:
Applying IP over wmATM technology to third generation wireless communications. 64-67 - Joseph Mitola III, Zoran Zvonar:
Software and DSP in radio [Guest Editorial]. 68 - R. Shepherd:
Engineering the embedded software radio. 70-74 - Kwang-Cheng Chen, Shan-Tsung Wu:
A programmable architecture for OFDM-CDMA. 76-82 - Kee Chaing Chua, K. V. Ravi, Brahim Bensaou, Teck Chien Pek:
Wireless broadband communications: some research activities in Singapore. 84-90 - Justin C.-I. Chuang, Leonard J. Cimini Jr., Geoffrey Ye Li, Bruce McNair, Nelson Sollenberger, Hong Zhao, Lang Lin, M. Suzuki:
High speed wireless data access based on combining EDGE with wideband OFDM. 92-98 - K. Sheikh, David Gesbert, Dhananjay Gore, Arogyaswami Paulraj:
Smart antennas for broadband wireless access networks. 100-105 - V. K. Bhagavath:
Emerging high-speed xDSL access services: architectures, issues, insights, and implications. 106-114 - Eric W. M. Wong, Andy K. M. Chan, Tak-Shing Peter Yum:
A taxonomy of rerouting in circuit-switched networks. 116-122
Volume 37, Number 12, December 1999
- Tony Li:
MPLS and the evolving Internet architecture. 38-41 - Daniel O. Awduche:
MPLS and traffic engineering in IP networks. 42-47 - A. Ghanwani, Bilel Jamoussi, Don Fedyk, Peter Ashwood-Smith, Li Li, Nancy K. Feldman:
Traffic engineering standards in IP-networks using MPLS. 49-53 - G. Swallow:
MPLS advantages for traffic engineering. 54-57 - T. M. Chen, T. H. Oh:
Reliable services in MPLS. 58-62 - Yoshihiro Ohba:
Issues on loop prevention in MPLS networks. 64-68 - Prodip Chaudhury, Werner Mohr, Seizo Onoe:
The 3GPP proposal for IMT-2000. 72-81 - Richard D. Van Nee, Geert A. Awater, Masahiro Morikura, Hitoshi Takanashi, Mark Webster, Karen W. Halford:
New high-rate wireless LAN standards. 82-88 - Javier Aracil, Daniel Morató, Mikel Izal:
Analysis of Internet services in IP over ATM networks. 92-97 - Roberto Cocca, Stefano Salsano, Marco Listanti:
Internet integrated service over ATM: a solution for shortcut QoS virtual channels. 98-104 - Pedro Cuenca, Antonio Garrido, Francisco J. Quiles, Luis Orozco-Barbosa:
Error resilient video transmission over ATM networks. 106-111 - Henri Tobiet, Pascal Lorenz:
Desktop videoconferencing performance based on an ATM metropolitan area network. 112-116 - K. Y. Kou:
Realization of large capacity ATM switches. 120-123 - Franco Callegati, Hakki C. Cankaya, Yijun Xiong, Marc Vandenhoute:
Design issues of optical IP routers for Internet backbone applications. 124-128 - Malathi Veeraraghavan, Mark J. Karol:
Internetworking connectionless and connection oriented networks. 130-138
manage site settings
To protect your privacy, all features that rely on external API calls from your browser are turned off by default. You need to opt-in for them to become active. All settings here will be stored as cookies with your web browser. For more information see our F.A.Q.